John Wesleys Theology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1586 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Theology Essay Did you like this example? The Development of John Wesley’s Theology John Wesley deserved to receive the doctoral robe offered by Marin Luther as he successfully reconciled â€Å"salvation by faith alone† with â€Å"faith without works is dead. † A review of the key events in Wesley’s life and his developing thoughts indicates that it was a process that took a lifetime to achieve. Thus, I am left to wonder whether a doctoral robe would be sufficient recognition for such a monumental achievement. To properly address this issue, a survey of Wesley’s theological formation is in order. Wesley’s journals suggest that he was tossed â€Å"by the winds of doctrine† to and fro as he sought to understand what one must do to be saved: Is one saved by â€Å"faith alone,† â€Å"works alone,† or â€Å"faith and works alone? † Albert Outler provides a summary of Wesley’s initial understandings in Wesley’s own words (pp. 44-50). Wes ley apparently started with the understanding that there should be a good blend of faith and works (p. 44), but soon fell under the spell of Calvin and Luther, who argued that one is saved by faith alone (p. 45. ) He climbed out of this boggy hole with the help of certain English writers (Id. Wesley’s involvement at Oxford with the â€Å"Holy Club† demonstrates that Wesley was initially of the mind that â€Å"faith without works is dead. † (Outler, p. 8) The Holy Club was devoted to â€Å"systematic Bible study, mutual discipline in devotion, and frequent communion. † (Id. ) In addition, its members were devoted to feeding the hungry, clothing the naked, visiting those that were sick, and visiting those that were in prison. (Handout, John Wesley’s letter to Mr. Richard Morgan, the father of the young man that died, dated Oct. 18, 1732). This group was dedicated to doing good, communicating the gospel, and observing fasts. (Id. ) In 1725 at the a ge of 23, Wesley experienced â€Å"a sudden focusing of [his] faith and personal commitment. † (Outler, pgs. 6-7. ) Wesley read several parts of Bishop Taylor’s Rules and Exercises of Holy Living and Dying (p. 7). Wesley was exceedingly affected by that part which related to purity of intention and resolved â€Å"to dedicate all [his] life to God, all my thought and words and actions, being thoroughly convinced that there was no medium, but every part of my life (not some only) must either be a sacrifice to God, r to myself; that is, in effect, to the devil . . . .† (Id. ) Accordingly, Wesley determined that his inner spiritual life was of supreme importance and seemingly accepted that â€Å"faith without works is dead. † Wesleys experience of the Moravians during his fateful visit to Georgia and upon his return to England marked a key turning point in Wesley’s understanding of faith. During a terrible storm at sea, Wesley observed that the Moravia ns set calmly singing and praying while Wesley was in fear for his life. Wesley was surprised to learn that the Moravians were not afraid of dying. Thus, he concluded that he was not yet saved: â€Å"I went to America to convert the Indians but, oh, who shall convert me? † (John Wesley, p. 44). Wesley arrived back in England a spiritual mess. He had been unsuccessful in accomplishing the goals of his ministry and had been forced to leave Georgia under legal duress. It was at this spiritual low point that a Moravian priest, Peter Bohler, found Wesley. Seeking spiritual direction, Wesley consulted with Bohler who recognized Wesleys misconception of faith as an intellectual assent to truth. Bowler eventually convince Wesley that faith meant a sure sense of confidence in salvation, demonstrated by (1) constant piece from a sense of forgiveness; and, (2) dominion over sin. (John Wesley, p. 65) What Wesley was missing, according to Bohler, was assurance of his salvation that comes only on an emotional (fiducia) level. Bohler stressed that faith was not just an intellectual assent that resulted in loyalty and obedience. Rather, faith is based upon trust and confidence that comes from the experience of assurance. This is what Wesley was lacking in Bohlers view. Wesley needed to experience the assurance that would move his faith from his head to his heart. He resolved to seek it unto the end, first by absolutely renouncing all dependence, in whole or part, upon my own works or righteousness – on which I had really grounded my hope of salvation. (Id. ) Thus, we see Wesley moving away from his understanding that â€Å"faith without works is dead† towards an understanding that â€Å"salvation is by faith alone. † With this understanding in mind, Wesley had is famous â€Å"Aldersgate† experience. Hearing the words of Luthers preface to Romans, Wesley is convinced that he had the experience of assurance trust in Christ . . . assurance . . . that [Christ] had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death. (Id. , p. 66. ) Aldersgate is a significant incident in that it helped move Wesleys understanding of faith from a solely works oriented, intellectual assent model to also including an emotive, heartfelt experience. We also find Bohlers influence in Wesleys 1738 sermon Salvation by Faith preached after Aldersgate. Contrary to his pre-Bohler view Wesley defines faith as more than a speculative, rational thing, a cold, lifeless assent, a train of ideas in the head. † (Sermons, p. 41, emphasis added. ) Instead, he asserted that faith must be a disposition of the heart. (Id. , emphasis added. ). Christian faith, he continued, is then not only an ascent to the whole gospel of Christ, but also a full reliance †¦ trust †¦ a sure confidence which man had in God, that through the merits of Christ his sins are forgiven, and he reconciled to the favor of God. (Id. , p. 2, italics in original, bold added for emphasis. ) Here, we see the beginning of Wesley’s changing understanding of the nature of faith and its relationship to assurance. In his sermon, â€Å"The Circumcision of the Heart,† we see Wesley finding ways to work out the relationship between â€Å"assent† and â€Å"trust and confidence†, two very different ideas of faith. Wesley’s insertion years later of the words â€Å"not only† into this sermon is key evidence of Wesley’s theological development in this regard. (Sermons, p. 26) Wesley believes that faith shapes life if one takes it seriously. Bohler says it’s all about the heart. Wesley was simply too formed theologically by this point in his conception of faith to agree completely with Bohler. A pivotal development in Wesley’s successful reconciliation of â€Å"salvation is by faith alone† and â€Å"faith without works is dead† comes from Wesleyâ€⠄¢s reliance on 1 Cor. 3. Wesley concludes that there are degrees of faith as opposed to the all or nothing at the all image of faith. (John Wesley, p. 69. ) This reversal was a result of Wesleys inability to completely let go of the intellectual assent and practice of holiness as essentials to one’s faith. In the Jan. 4, 1739 Journal entry, Wesley is even led to conclude that he has no faith because he has none of the fruits of the Spirit of Christ, he loves the world, has no joy in the Holy Ghost, and has not the peace of God. (See handout. ) Wesley sets forth in his sermon â€Å"The Witness of the Spirit, II† the difference between the â€Å"witness of the Spirit† and the â€Å"witness of our spirit. † (Sermons, Pg. 42) Wesley believed that if the fruits of faith are present –via self-examination- this the witness of our spirit. Wesley believed it was the privilege of Christians to have this inward testimony – God speaking inside à ¢â‚¬â€œ of what is really going on in our souls. Wesley believed that if you claimed to have the inward witness without the fruit, then you were probably confused, i. e. not really saved. In â€Å"The Wedding Garment†, one of Wesley’s last sermons, Wesley successfully puts â€Å"justification by faith alone† back together with â€Å"holiness of Heart. † (Sermons, Pg. 560). In seeking to reunite holiness and faith, Wesley says it is the â€Å"holiness without which no man shall see the Lord. (From Heb. 12:14)-(Pg. 562. ) In essence, Wesley is saying that holiness is a consequence of justification. This is in accordance with the defined goal of early Methodists: To reform the nation, particularly the church (of England) and to spread scriptural holiness across the land. Wesley says that we should all be striving for â€Å"perfection† and describes perfection in a letter to his brother Charles as follows: â€Å"By perfection, I mean the humble, gent le, patient love of God and man ruling all the tempers, words, and actions, the whole heart by the whole life. I do not include an impossibility of falling from it, either in part or in whole. Therefore, I retract several expressions in our Hymns which partly express, partly imply, such an impossibility. And I do not contend for the term sinless, though I do not object against it. † (HO, John’s letter to Charles) Wesley believed that perfection representing the receiving of all the gifts of God’s grace and offering them back to God through serving. The essence of Wesley’s understanding is found in â€Å"The Great Privilege† sermon which captures the image of breathing in and out with the Holy Spirit- the notion of the life of God in the soul of man- a divine living in the human- synergism. In summary, Wesley originally believed â€Å"holiness† or â€Å"works† was needed to lead to salvation. With Aldersgate and the 1738 events, h e changes his view, and accepts justification by faith must occur first. Finally, Wesley came to realize that holiness is a consequence of justification. As such, Wesley Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "John Wesleys Theology" essay for you Create order

Immigration Persuasive Essay - 1491 Words

Immigration has been a major problem for countless years that seems to never seize. Illegal immigrants do not hold the rights that U.S. residents possess and manage to live a hard life because of the mere opportunities that come their way. U.S. residents are allowed to vacate and visit the places immigrants come from, yet they have to risk their lives in hopes of a better life. Where is the equality? The unfair treatment arises from them simply being illegal, however everyone deserves equality regardless of their background and origin. The deep stigma and outlook on immigrants in today’s society can be quite controversial. The government should indeed allow immigrants to find a place to call home without the use of strict immigration†¦show more content†¦The conditions within the immigrant detention facilities are absolutely horrendous. According to ThinkProgress.org, as of 2016, nine of the 10 largest detention centers in the country are run by private prison compani es. In the T. Don Hutto Residential Center, a detention facility that was once a medium security prison was sued by American Civil Liberties Union for the â€Å"prison-like† conditions they put children and families in. â€Å"Children were required to wear prison jumpsuits, held in small cells, and limited to an hour of outdoor playtime per day.† 29 year old, Zelaya was forced to manage her sickle cell anemia without treatment, developed serious stomach problems, and fell into a deep depression while at this detention center. This is only one story amongst several others across the U.S. To be frank, families and children are getting ripped apart because of the deportation law stated in the New York Times that â€Å"part of the government’s efforts to meet an annual quota of about 400,000 deportations, has had devastating results† The harsh new economic reality that these children now have to fend for themselves creates not only an economic divide but a psychic divide that pushes these immigrants into areas that they can afford and are associated with crime. The parents of these children came to this country for the American Dream but Americans are notShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay Immigration843 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout this day in age, the topic of immigration is in the forefront of issues in today’s society having two different point-of-views and many opinions to go along. I agree with Kinsley’s overall opinion that the United States has no obligation to be fair and take more immigrants in under their wing than they can handle and give support financially if needed. During this essay, I will be focusing on the topic of immigration including benefits and receiving education in the United States and willRead MorePersuasive Essay On Immigration824 Words   |  4 Pagesincrease rate of immigration in United States of American in few years worries many all across America. These people are against mass immigration and think the United States should begin to cut back on the amount of the immigrants granted entry every year into America in order to provide security to the people as well as save the culture. We need to control immigration to secure our borders and protect our unity. The terror attack on September 11, 2001 showed how the immigration policies have failedRead MorePersuasive Essay Immigration1996 Words   |  8 Pages Immigration, the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. Immigration is a highly important action to keep continuous for the future of the United States. It is impo rtant to keep in the future or add to the future or other countries. Immigration is a major factor in many countries because it boosts the economy, mixes cultures, and keeps families together, legal immigration should be allowed. Immigration has been around for thousands of years. It has been a key factor in boostingRead MorePersuasive Essay About Immigration1216 Words   |  5 Pages Immigration is one the biggest issues people can deal with now a days. Hundreds of thousands of people legally and illegally enter the United States. Those immigrants come from all around the world leaving everything behind hoping to find better life. A lot of people think that the United States of America is the best place to go to. Immigrants mostly migrate from their home country because of the wars that destroyed their homes and the lack of right they have. They come to search for protectionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Illegal Immigration906 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants are significantly copious towards the Americas economy. Therefore, if all immigrants were just to disappear from the U.S. workforce tomorrow, that would have a tremendous negative impact on the economy, said Daniel Costa, the director of immigration law . Removing immigrants from the U.S would be like removing water from the beach, nothing would be the same anymore. There would be a dramatic change with dramat ic consequences. Businesses would go out of order because the deportation costed themRead MorePersuasive Essay On Illegal Immigration1260 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration has been a major issue in the United States for many years, especially illegal immigration. This term can be defined as the act of immigrating, which means to move to another country where you were not born in, or which you are not a native of, and use this new country as a permanent residence. Majority of immigrants believe that the United States is possibly the best place to be. Due to the lack of freedom, protection, and benefits within other countries, these factors are very importantRead MorePersuasive Essay On Immigration Reform1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe immigration reform, an important issue for the U.S. government has accelerated significantly in the past few years. It has been debated between the democratic and republican senators to reform a framework for the immigration. President Obama gave a speec h to push for an immigration reform in favor of undocumented 11 million immigrants in the USA, as well as a road map for their legal citizenship. It has also been suggested that a sub citizenship could be an option instead of providing full citizenshipRead MoreImmigration Reform Persuasive Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesImmigration Reform: A call to action. The evening news is ripe with controversial legislation, policy and debate from the lawmakers of the United States. Some of the most interesting headlines in recent history discuss the huge battles on labor laws in Wisconsin and Iowa, the anticipation of a Republican front runner for the upcoming Presidential elections, and discussion of our nation’s ability to understand and predict future happenings in Libya, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Any of these topics couldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Immigration Reform1110 Words   |  5 PagesImmigration reform has been a big debate since 1790. The Naturalization Act of 1790 was the first act to established rules for naturalized citizenship. The citizenship was only granted to those who has live in America for at least two years and is a free white person of good character. Although some rules were set, the policy of immigration reform are full of comprehensiveness (Soergel). Some believe that immigration is a dreadful thing because the y take up jobs and bring in terrorists; Other considerRead MorePersuasive Essay On Illegal Immigration1591 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal immigration has become more of an important issue in the United States since Donald Trump’s campaign for president in 2016. Immigration can be known as the act of people crossing national borders to live permanently in other countries. It becomes illegal when they cross those borders without the legal right to be in those countries. The U.S. has been an immigrant country since the pilgrims in the 1600s and has ever since, been diverse. Most of the immigrants are Latinos that come from Central

Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson Progressive Presidents Essay Example For Students

Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson: Progressive Presidents Essay Advancement is non something that comes really rapidly. It is a gradual procedure that takes clip. in the involvement of our state and the Progressive Era. more than a decennary. The presidents of this clip. Roosevelt. Taft. and Wilson. were like chefs developing a formula for the improvement of the United States. Every act that was passed. each determination that was made. was a test or taste-test of the invariably altering formula for the state. If something enraged citizens or drew unfavorable judgment. the president went back to his office. his kitchen. and was ready to do more alterations. Where he left off in the progressive formula. the following chef took over. He would analyse what had been done. identified his program of action. and so put to work by either doing a few changes or get downing afresh. This in consequence was what Roosevelt. Taft. and Wilson did. They each had differing sentiments about what the â€Å"Better United States Recipe† needed. What they liked about the formula they kept. doing little alterations that they thought would stress the merchandise more. The things that they didn’t like. they made drastic reforms. Basically. what each of the progressive presidents did. get downing with Roosevelt and stoping with Taft. was build off each other’s thoughts and errors. all with one end in head: do the United States of America the best it can be. Theodore Roosevelt. 26th president of the United States. started the progressive ball peal by doing critical alterations to issues covering with the control of corporations. consumer protection. and preservation of natural resources. These standards. which were better known by the name The Square Deal. were supported by legion Acts of the Apostless and actions on the portion of the President and Congress. During this clip. Theodore Roosevelt’s enthusiasm for commanding big corporations is best exemplified by the rubric with which people shortly began to qualify the Rough Rider – a â€Å"trustbuster† . His first major measure towards carry throughing 44 antimonopoly suits was his 1902 onslaught upon the Northern Securities Company. The leaders of the railway imperium and â€Å"Napoleonic moguls of money† ( 674 ) . J. P Morgan and James J. Hill. had visions of a monopoly commanding the full Northwest. Two old ages subsequently. and merely after an entreaty made by Morgan and Hill. did the Supreme Court officially announce the devastation of the Northern Securities. Although Wall Street bankers and large concern work forces were angered by the determination. Roosevelt’s repute as a trustbuster soared. In 1903. the Rough Rider one time once more attacked the apparently corrupt railway industries with the Elkins Act. No thirster could dragoon give discounts to shippers. for a promise of heavy mulcts for both parties were insured. Roosevelt’s first measure towards the aid of the consumer and labourer was demonstrated in 1902 during the Pennsylvania mineworkers versus proprietors dispute. Neither side was ready to accept to get the better of and therefore. mills. schools. and infirmaries were forced to close down as the coal supply dwindled. After hearing the statements of both parties. Theodore Roosevelt set a case in point of utilizing military force to help labour in t heir battle for nice intervention. Never earlier had a president recognized the significance of the demands placed on direction by labour for acceptable on the job conditions. This one action paved the manner for multiple Acts of the Apostless passed in favour of labour. such as the 1903 constitution of the Department of Commerce and Labor. This Rough Rider. â€Å"trust busting† . lover of the underdogs president completed the last side of his square with Acts of the Apostless such as Newlands Act ( 1902 ) and policies such as â€Å"multiple-use resource direction. † Roosevelt wanted to â€Å"use the nation’s natural gift intelligently† ( 680 ) . and therefore saved what was non basically needed by lumbermans. practically 125 million estates. Where other preservation Acts of the Apostless had failed. Roosevelt had succeeded and would take the manner for future president Taft. whose environmentalist attempts would excel those of his predecessor. With all that President Theodore Roosevelt did to get down the progressivism epoch. a immense part was his power in electing Taft. the 27th president. who would maintain the advancement traveling. Harrison Bergeron EssayTheodore Roosevelt. William H. Taft. and Woodrow Wilson all did their best to utilize their cognition of anterior successes and failures to convey about every bit much positive alteration during their term ( s ) . As many successes as there were. many failures and/or reverses occurred along the manner. For Rough Rider Theodore Roosevelt. he had to transport the load. incrimination. and twits such as â€Å"Theodore the Meddler† and the â€Å"Roosevelt Panic† during the 1907 Wall Street terror. This did non discourage the mighty president as he lashed back at his critics and shortly at that place after made some much needed financial reforms. The 2nd progressive president. Taft. had even more reverses than Roosevelt. frequently beliing his point of views. With the fire of Gifford Pinchot. who criticized the corporate development of lands in Wyoming. Montana. and Alaska. Taft erased the achievements of his Bureau of Mines in the eyes of the populac e. In 1909. his sign language of the Payne-Aldrich measure. which tacked on 100s of upward duty alterations. blatantly betrayed his run promises and outraged the progressive wing of his party. All of this. non to advert the complete failure of â€Å"dollar diplomacy† in the Far East with the Manchurian railwaies. did non impede Taft to do some of the most extremist alterations by destructing over 90 trusts. Unlike his two precursors. Wilson did non hold any certain incidents that in any manner mired his New Freedom policy. However. his personality. one of an severe and chesty rational. did non do him the fondest politician in the eyes of the multitudes. Although non a major concern at the clip of the Progressive Era. Wilson was a white supremacist that encouraged accelerated segregation between Whites and inkinesss. alternatively of contending for equality. Each president. Roosevelt. Taft. and Wilson. so had their complications during their footings. However. each brought approximately so much positive alteration exemplified in the legion Acts of the Apostless that are still in consequence today. and each led the manner for the presidents that would follow in ulterior old ages. that one could state the old ages between 1905-1917 were genuinely progressive.

Why Men Make More Money Than Women an Example by

Why Men Make More Money Than Women There is an increasing concern in the last decade that gender plays role in racial discrimination wherein males and females of a different ethnicity are treated in different ways. In particular instance, females of a specific ethnic group experience at least two forms of discrimination based of her race, gender, religious belief, age and social status. The term racism is strongly associated with hatred and prejudice of an individuals identity including any aspects of his identity and sexual orientation hence females experience a different manner of discrimination. International groups such as the United Nations have regarded racial and gender discrimination as two independent issues resulting in females continuing to suffer from numerous types of injustices. It is thus essential that the gender component of racial discrimination be well understood in order to draw actions towards racial discrimination that are helpful to both males and females. Need essay sample on "Why Men Make More Money Than Women" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed There are several instances when the issues of gender and racial discrimination interconnect (Crenshaw KW, 2000). The interplay of these two concepts may take different modes and arise in different circumstances. One situation wherein gender is interconnected with racial discrimination can be observed among impoverished women. It has been estimated that approximately 1.3 billion individuals who are living in extreme need are women (UNDP, 2000). Such condition is strongly related to their inability to receive any form of education as well as training courses hence rendering them under-qualified for most of the available employment. Simultaneously, the trends of globalization and alteration in governmental laws have resulted in more problems for women because gender inequalities were exposed. One example can be observed among governments that do not provide unemployment insurance of single mothers or female heads of households. The merged effect of gender and racial discrimination may also hinder the retrieval of women to economic resources, including loans, credit and real estate property and can also affect the treatment they receive when they request for social services from the government. Such hardship thus endangers women to poverty and financial hardship. Gender is also intertwined with the issue of racial discrimination in terms of education (GRDRD, 2000). It has been discovered that the global literacy rate for women is significantly lower than that among men. The discrepancy in literacy rate between men and women is even greater in developing countries. More than half of out-of-school children are girls and that among illiterate adults, two-thirds are comprised by women. These gender-based illiteracy reports show that females have less access to educational resources which in turn results in a lower rate of participation in training programs. Such decrease in education restrains females in their full understanding and awareness of their legal rights, including the right to be employed and to own real estate properties (CHR, 2000). The access of females to education through attendance in school is also affected by circumstances of early pregnancy, childrearing and domestic family responsibilities. The lack or insufficiency of knowledge on reproductive health among women due to poor access to educational resources further hampers the living conditions of women. It is well-known that education is strongly correlated with employment options and financial stability, hence women are at a disadvantage with regards to availing such opportunities. Another situation wherein gender discrimination impacts world health is in the labor market (CEDW, 2001). There is prejudice in particular labor practices wherein women in poorly developed areas or countries are restricted from equal chances of gaining employment. The situation becomes more complicated when these women come from a specific racial or indigenous group that is constantly being treated with prejudice. Now in order for these women to gain a living, they then opt to work in informal sectors which are not so strict with regards to race and gender. Unfortunately, these informal sectors are generally characterized by destitute working conditions, as well as provide minimum to no social protection and very small wages. This situation thus results in minority women being categorized as the lowest of the labor group. In addition, informal labor sectors do not have strict laws with regards to employment hence the rates of abuse and violence is high. Women working in the informal labor sectors thus usually have poor physical conditions and are generally sick, either physically or mentally. In other situations, women migrate to another country to work as a domestic helper and are assigned to a specific employer. A domestic helper is expected to live in the residence of her employer but once the contract expires and the employer did not plan on renewing her contract, or when the employer was not satisfied with the performance of the domestic helper, she is immediately asked to leave the residence and the individual ends up homeless. This condition of living on the streets has a great chance of making a woman sick from exposure to the cold and from insufficient food and water. It has been reported that ca ses of firing or termination of contract of female domestic helpers has influenced world health. There are also cases wherein the female migrant domestic helper attempts to return to her home country but once she returns home, she is either very sick or already dead. These examples of gender-based situations, alongside racial discrimination is a serious issue among women because it ultimately affects their way of living as well as options with regards to how they could live their lives. It is therefore imperative that efforts towards banishing gender-based situations so that women can receive fair treatment and choices in their lives. References Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Report to the General Assembly, 55th session, 1 May 2000 (A/55/38); and Contribution of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to the preparatory process and the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, 29 January 2001 (CEDAW/C/2001/ I/CRP.3/Add.9). Commission on Human Rights (2000): Resolution 2000/13 on Womens equal ownership of, access to and control over land and the equal rights to own property and to adequate housing, 17 April 2000 (E/CN.4/RES/2000/13) and (E/CN.4/RES/2001/34), 20 April 2001. Crenshaw KW (2000): Gender-related aspects of race discrimination, background paper for Expert Meeting on Gender and Racial Discrimination, 21-24 Novem-ber 2000, Zagreb, Croatia (EM/GRD/ 2000/WP.1). Gender Related Dimensions of Racial Discrimination, CERD Recommendation 25 (General Comments), 20 March 2000 (CERD/C/56/Misc.21/Rev.3). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2000): Poverty Report 2000: Overcoming Human Poverty.